A flight of Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress bombers forms up over England, 1942. “Yankee Doodle,” 41-9023, is just to the left of center. (U.S. Air Force)
17 August 1942: Mission No. 1. The United States VIII Bomber Command made its first heavy bomber attack on Nazi-occupied Europe when eighteen Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress four-engine bombers of the 97th Bombardment Group (Heavy), based at RAF Polebrook, Northamptonshire, England, headed for the railroad marshaling yards at Rouen-Sotteville, France. This was the largest and most active railroad yard in northern France.
Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress 41-2578, 97th Bombardment Group, photographed 17 August 1942. (Imperial War Museum, Roger Freeman Collection, Object Number FRE 4053)
The mission was led by Major Paul Warfield Tibbetts, Jr., commanding the 340th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy), in the Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress, 41-2578, Butcher Shop. (He would later command the 509th Composite Group and fly the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay.) Tibbetts’ co-pilot was the 97th Bomb Group commander, Colonel Frank Alton Armstrong, Jr. Brigadier General Ira Clarence Eaker, VIII Bomber Command, was aboard Yankee Doodle, B-17E 41-9023, leading the second flight of six B-17s on a diversionary raid along the French coast.
The group began takeoffs at 1530 hours. It was escorted by several squadrons of Royal Air Force Supermarine Spitfire fighters.
While six B-17s flew along the French coast as a diversion, twelve bombers flew to Rouen and were over the target from 1739 to 1746. From an altitude of 23,000 feet (7,010 meters), they dropped 36,900 pounds (16,738 kilograms) of 600-pound (272 kilogram) and 1,100 pound (499 kilogram) general purpose bombs.
Accuracy was good. One of the aim points, the locomotive shops, was destroyed by a direct hit. The overall results were moderate.
Rouen-Sotteville target assessment photograph. (U.S. Air Force)
All of the bombers returned to their base, with the last landing at 1900. Two B-17s had been damaged. American gunners claimed damage to one Luftwaffe airplane.
Brigadier General Ira C. Eaker commanded Mission No. 1 from this Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress, 41-9023, Yankee Doodle, shown here being serviced between missions. This bomber survived the War. (U.S. Air Force)Colonel Frank Alton Armstrong, Jr., Air Corps, United States Army, commanding the 97th Bombardment Group (Heavy), in the pilot’s position of a Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress. (Imperial War Museum)
The Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress was a major redesign of the B-17D. A new aft fuselage was used, incorporating larger vertical and horizontal stabilizers. A tail turret was added. A power-operated gun turret was added at dorsal and ventral positions.
The Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress was a four-engine heavy bomber operated by a flight crew of ten. It was 73 feet, 10 inches (22.504 meters) long with a wingspan of 103 feet, 9-3/8 inches (31.633 meters) and an overall height of 19 feet, 2 inch (5.842 meters). Its empty weight was 32,350 pounds (14,674 kilograms), 40,260 pounds (18,262 kilograms) gross weight, and the maximum takeoff weight was 53,000 pounds (24,040 kilograms).
Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress, circa 1941. (U.S. Air Force)
The B-17E was powered by four air-cooled, supercharged, 1,823.129-cubic-inch-displacement (29.875 liters) Wright Cyclone G666A (R-1820-65) nine-cylinder radial engines with turbochargers, producing 1,200 horsepower at 2,500 r.p.m. for takeoff and 1,000 horsepower at 2,300 r.p.m. at Sea Level. The Cyclones turned three-bladed constant-speed Hamilton-Standard Hydromatic propellers with a diameter of 11 feet, 7 inches (3.835 meters) though a 0.5625:1 gear reduction. The R-1820-65 was 47.59 inches (1.209 meters) long and 55.12 inches (1.400 meters) in diameter. It weighed 1,315 pounds (596 kilograms). 8,422 of these engines were produced by Wright Aeronautical Division and its licensees between February 1940 and August 1942.
The B-17E had a cruise speed of 195 miles per hour (314 kilometers per hour). Its maximum speed was 318 miles per hour (512 kilometers per hour) at 25,000 feet (7,620 meters). The service ceiling was 36,600 feet (11,156 meters).
With a normal fuel load of 2,490 gallons (9,426 liters) the B-17E had a maximum range of 3,300 miles (5,311 kilometers). Carrying a 4,000 pound (1,814 kilogram) bomb load, the range was 2,000 miles (3,219 kilometers).
Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress 41-2578, the lead ship on the 17 August 1942 air raid on Rouen-Sotteville, France, flown by Major Paul W. Tibbets, photographed at RAF Bovingdon, 1943. By the end of the war, this airplane was the oldest, longest-serving B-17E in the USAAF. (Imperial War Museum)
The B-17E Flying Fortress was armed with one .30-caliber Browning M2 Aircraft Machine Gun and eight Browning AN-M2 .50-caliber machine guns. The .30 was mounted in the nose. Power turrets mounting two .50-caliber guns, each, were located at the dorsal and ventral positions. (The first 112 B-17Es were built with a remotely-operated turret in the belly position, sighted by a periscope. A manned ball turret replaced this.) Two machine guns were in a tail turret, and one on each side at the waist.
The maximum bomb load of the B-17E was 20,800 pounds (9,435 kilograms) over very short distances. Normally, 4,000–6,000 pounds (1,815–2,722 kilograms) were carried. The internal bomb bay could be loaded with a maximum of eight 1,000 pound (454 kilogram) or four 2,000 pound (907 kilogram) bombs.
The B-17 Flying Fortress first flew in 1935, and was in production from 1937 to 1945. 12,731 B-17s were built by Boeing, Douglas Aircraft Company, and Lockheed-Vega. 512 of the total were B-17Es. The last one was completed 28 May 1942. Production shifted to the further-improved B-17F.
Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress 41-2509, circa 1942. (U.S. Air Force)
Silverplate Martin-Omaha B-29-45-MO Superfortress 44-86292, “Dimples 82,” at Tinian, Mariana Islands, August 1945. Note the “Circle Arrow” tail code. (U.S. Air Force)
6 August 1945: At 0245 hours local time (1445 hours, 5 August, UTC), a four-engine, long range heavy bomber of the 509th Composite Group, United States Army Air Forces, took off from North Field on the island of Tinian in the Northern Mariana Islands, on the most secret combat mission of World War II.¹
Colonel Paul Warfield Tibbets, Jr., United States Army Air Corps, Commanding Officer, 509th Composite Group, and aircraft commander of the B-29 Superfortress, Enola Gay. (U.S. Air Force)
The Martin-Omaha B-29-45-MO Superfortress, 44-86292, under the command of Colonel Paul Warfield Tibbets, Jr.,² was carrying Bomb Unit L-11, the first nuclear weapon to be used during war. This was an 8,900-pound (4,037 kilogram) “gun type” fission bomb, the Mark I, code-named Little Boy. It contained 64.15 kilograms (141.42 pounds) of highly-enriched uranium. The bomb was 10 feet, 6 inches (3.2004 meters) long with a diameter of 2 feet, 4 inches (0.711 meters). The gun tube had a bore diameter of 165 millimeters (6.496 inches) and a length of 6 feet (1.8 meters). It weighed approximately 1,000 pounds (454 kilograms).
Diagram of “Little Boy” gun-type uranium fission bomb. (Wikipedia)
The gun fired a hollow uranium projectile, consisting of a stack of nine rings of varying thickness contained within a sheet metal can, and with a 4 inch (10.16 centimeters) inside diameter, against a cylindrical uranium target insert. The projectile was 7 inches (17.78 centimeters) long. The target insert consisted of a stack of six uranium rings with a 1 inch (2.54 centimeter) inside diameter, held in place by a steel rod through the center. It was also 7 inches long, and had an outside diameter of 4 inches. The projectile weighed 38.53 kilograms (84.94 pounds) and the target, 25.6 kilograms (56.44 pounds). When the projectile came in contact with the target, the two completed a “critical mass.” A fission chain reaction resulted, releasing an incredible amount of energy.
Although it was considered to be a very inefficient weapon, it had such a reliable design that it had never been tested. Six Mark I bombs were built, but L-11 was the only one ever to be detonated.
Code named “Little Boy,” the Mark I bomb unit L-11, prior to loading aboard Enola Gay, 5 August 1945. (U.S. Air Force)
On the morning before the mission, Colonel Tibbets had his mother’s name painted on the nose of the airplane: Enola Gay. He had personally selected this bomber, serial number 44-86292, while he was visiting the Glenn L. Martin Company plant at Bellevue, Nebraska, 9 May 1945. An employee of the plant told him that the airplane had passed its acceptance tests with no faults of any kind. The B-29 was accepted by the Army Air Corps on 15 May and flown to the 509th’s base at Wendover, Utah, by Captain Robert Alvin Lewis, a B-29 aircraft commander who would act as Tibbets’ co-pilot on the atomic bombing mission.
509th Composite Group operations order. (U.S. Air Force)
The B-29 Superfortress was designed by the Boeing Airplane Company as its Model 345. Produced in three versions, the B-29, B-29A and B-29B, it was built by Boeing at Renton, Washington, and Wichita, Kansas; by the Bell Aircraft Corporation at Marietta, Georgia; and the Glenn L. Martin Company at Fort Crook (now Offutt Air Force Base), Omaha, Nebraska. A total of 3,943 Superfortresses were built.
The B-29 was the most technologically advanced airplane built up to that time, and required an immense effort by American industry to produce.
The B-29 Superfortress was 99 feet, 0 inches (30.175 meters) long with a wingspan of 141 feet, 3 inches (43.053 meters) and an overall height of 27 feet, 9 inches (8.458 meters). The standard B-29 had an empty weight of 74,500 pounds (33,793 kilograms) and gross weight of 120,000 pounds (54.431 kilograms).
Enola Gay at Tinian, with crew members.
The 509th Composite Group was equipped with specially modified “Silverplate” B-29s, which differed from the standard production bombers in many ways. They were approximately 7,200 pounds (3,266 kilograms) lighter. The bombers carried no armor. Additional fuel tanks were installed in the rear bomb bay. The bomb bay doors were operated by quick-acting pneumatic systems. The bomb release mechanism in the forward bomb bay was replaced by a single-point release as was used in special Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster bombers. A weaponeer’s control station was added to the cockpit to monitor the special bomb systems.
Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., waves from the cockpit of the Silverplate Martin-Omaha B-29-45-MO Superfortress Enola Gay, 44-86292, just before starting engines at 02:27 a.m., 6 August 1945. (Sergeant Armen Shamlian, United States Army Air Forces. National Archives and Records Administration)
Enola Gay had four air-cooled, supercharged, 3,347.662-cubic-inch-displacement (54.858 liter) Wright Aeronautical Division R-3350-41 (Cyclone 18 787C18BA3) two-row 18-cylinder radial engines with direct fuel injection. The R-3350-41 had a compression ratio of 6.85:1 and required 100/130 aviation gasoline. It was rated at 2,000 horsepower at 2,400 r.p.m. at Sea Level, and 2,200 horsepower at 2,800 r.p.m, for take-off. The engines drove four-bladed Curtiss Electric reversible-pitch propellers with a diameter of 16 feet, 8 inches (5.080 meters), through a 0.35:1 gear reduction. The R-3350-41 was 6 feet, 2.26 inches (1.937 meters) long, 4 feet, 7.78 inches (1.417 meters) in diameter and weighed 2,725 pounds (1,236 kilograms).
Martin-Omaha B-29 Superfortress 44-86292, “Enola Gay,” at Tinian. (U.S. Air Force)
With the exception of the tail gunner’s position, all defensive armament—four remotely-operated gun turrets with ten .50-caliber machine guns—were deleted. Their remote sighting positions were also removed. Enola Gay carried 1,000 rounds of ammunition for each of the two remaining Browning AN-M2 .50-caliber machine guns in the tail.
With these changes, the Silverplate B-29s could fly higher and faster than a standard B-29, and the new engines were more reliable. Enola Gay had a cruising speed of 220 miles per hour (354 kilometers per hour) and a maximum speed of 365 miles per hour (587 kilometers per hour). Its service ceiling was 31,850 feet (9,708 meters) and its combat radius was 2,900 miles (4,667 kilometers).
XXI Bomber Command Target Chart for Hiroshima Area. (U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey)XXI Bomber Command Target Chart for Hiroshima. (U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey)
At 09:15:17 a.m., (mission time; 8:15 a.m., local; 2315, 5 August, UTC), Enola Gay, with a True Air Speed of 275 miles per hour (443 kilometers per hour), was at 30,060 feet (9,162 meters) ³ over the Japanese city of Hiroshima, an industrial center on the island of Honshu, with a population of about 340,000 people. The bombardier initiated the automatic release sequence and the the atomic bomb was dropped. It fell for 44.4 seconds and detonated at an altitude of 1,968 feet (600 meters), about 550 feet (168 meters) from the aiming point, the Aioi Bridge over the Ota River.
Immediately after the bomb was released, Colonel Tibbets put his B-29 into a 60° right bank and entered a 155° turn at full power. During the maneuver, which had been calculated to get the airplane as far away from the blast as possible, Enola Gay lost approximately 1,700 feet (518 meters) of altitude. When the bomb detonated, the bomber was about 11 miles (17.7 kilometers) away. Even at this distance, the shock wave struck the bomber with “. . . violent force. Our B-29 trembled under the impact and I gripped the controls tightly to keep us in level flight.” ⁴
A mushroom cloud climbs over the city of Hiroshima, Japan, 2–3 minutes after detonation, 6 August 1945, photographed from Yoshiura, looking southward, by Technical Sergeant George R. Caron, U.S. Army Air Corps, tail gunner of the B-29 Enola Gay, using a Fairchild Camera and Instrument Company K-20 aerial camera with a 6-3/8″ f/4.5, 4″ × 5″ film negative. (U.S. Department of Defense 450806-O-ZZ999-067)The mushroom cloud rises over Hiroshima, Japan, 2–3 minutes after detonation. Photographed 6,500 meters (4 miles) from hypocenter. (Seizo Yamada)Two-tier cloud, 2–5 minutes after detonation, seen from Kaitaichi, 6 miles east of Hiroshima. Photographer unknown. (The Atlantic)Pyrocumulus cloud rising over Hiroshima. Photographer unknown. (Atomic Heritage Foundation)A pyrocumulus cloud from the firestorm spreads laterally as it reaches the upper atmosphere. (U.S. Air Force)Hiroshima photographed by a reconnaissance airplane several hours after the explosion. (U.S. Air Force)
Ground Zero, the point on the surface directly below the explosion, was the Shima Hospital. The overpressure is estimated to have been 4.5–6.7 tons per square meter. The two-story brick building was completely obliterated. Of the patients, technicians, nurses and doctors inside, nothing remained.
The entrance to Shima Hospital is all the remained following the detonation of the atomic bomb.
The resulting explosion was approximately equivalent in explosive force to the detonation of 16,000 tons (14,515 metric tons) of TNT (16 “kilotons”). An estimated 70,000 people were killed immediately, and another 70,000 were wounded. As many as 160,000 people may have died as a result of the atomic bombing by the end of 1945. More would follow over the next few years.
The shadow of one of the victims of the atomic bomb is etched onto the steps in front of a destroyed building.
An area of the city with a radius of 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) from the point of detonation (“hypocenter”) was totally destroyed, and combined with the fires that followed, 4.7 square miles (12.17 square kilometers) of the city were destroyed. 69% of all buildings in Hiroshima were completely destroyed and another 6% damaged.
Aerial photograph of Hiroshima, Autumn, 1945. The T-shaped Aioi Bridge in the upper portion of the image was the aiming point of the atomic bomb. (Atomic Archive)Hiroshima, photographed in the Autumn of 1945. (Atomic Archive)Col. Tibbets’ B-29, Enola Gay, 44-86292, landing at Tinian Island, 1458, 6 August 1945. Note: “Circle R” identification on tail. (U.S. Air Force)Martin-Omaha Silverplate B-29 Superfortress 44 86292, Enola Gay, taxis to its hardstand after returning to Tinian, 6 August 1945. (U.S. Air Force)
The bomber was then flown back to Tinian, landing at 1458, after an elapsed time of 12 hours, 13 minutes.
Enola Gay participated in Operation Crossroads, the nuclear weapons test at Bikini Atoll in July 1946. It was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution 30 August 1946 and placed in storage at Davis-Monthan Army Air Field, Tucson, Arizona, 1 September 1946. For decades it sat in storage at different locations around the country, but finally a total restoration was performed. Today, the B-29 is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, National Air and Space Museum.
Martin-Omaha B-29-45-MO Superfortress 44-86292, Enola Gay, at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum. (Photo by Eric Long, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution )
¹ The Hiroshima mission was originally planned for 1 August 1945, but an approaching typhoon caused it to be delayed.
² The other crew members of Enola Gay on 6 August 1945 were Captain Robert Alvin Lewis, co-pilot; Captain Theodore Jerome (“Dutch”) Van Kirk, navigator; Major Thomas Wilson Ferebee, bombardier; Staff Sergeant Wyatt Edwin Duzenbury, flight engineer; Sergeant Robert H. Shumard, assistant flight engineer; Sergeant Joseph Anton Stiborik, radar operator; Private 1st Class Richard H. Nelson, radio operator; Staff Sergeant George Robert Caron, tail gunner. The weaponeer and mission commander was Captain William Sterling (“Deke”) Parsons, United States Navy. 2nd Lieutenant Morris Richard Jeppson was Parsons’ assistant weaponeer. The radar countermeasures officer was 1st Lieutenant Jacob Beser. (Lieutenant Beser also flew aboard Bock’s Car on the Nagasaki mission, 9 August 1945.)
³ Airspeed and altitude from the escape diagram prepared by navigator Captain Theodore J. Van Kirk.
⁴ Colonel Tibbets, quoted in Return of the Enola Gay, by Paul Tibbets, Mid Coast Marketing, 1998.
